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Richard J. Tobin 《Environmental management》1986,10(6):785-796
An important goal of the Reagan administration has been to shift responsibility for many public programs from the US federal government to the states. This New Federalism seeks to restore a proper balance to the federal system and to ensure an effective working partnership between the states and the federal government. Such a partnership is especially important for many environmental laws because these laws often give states primary responsibility for the control and abatement of pollution.This research examines the extent to which the Reagan administration has succeeded in improving intergovernmental environmental relations in terms of state implementation of the Clean Water Act. Data from a 1985 survey of directors of state water quality control programs are compared with responses to a similar survey that the US General Accounting Office conducted in 1979. The latter survey found considerable dissatisfaction on the part of state directors with the quality of their relations with the US Environmental Protection Agency. Although some improvement can be noted between 1979 and 1985, the Reagan administration's efforts to improve intergovernmental relations appear to have been of limited consequence, to the possible detriment of effective implementation of the Clean Water Act. 相似文献
2.
The engagement of UK local authorities is vital if national government is to meet its climate change commitments. However, with no mandatory targets at local government level, other drivers must explain engagement. Using a Geographic Information System, this study compares the spatial distribution of action on climate change based on past actions and stated intentions to a suite of relevant independent variables. The Action Index created is among the first to quantify climate change engagement beyond a simple binary measure and provides a useful comparative study to recent work in the USA. The Index enables investigation of both mitigation and adaptation, which show different trends in relation to some variables. The study shows that action is strongest where the voting habits of the local population suggest environmental concern and where neighbouring local authorities are also engaging in action on climate change. Physical vulnerability to the effects of climate change is a motivator for action only where the dangers are obvious. Action is less likely where other resource-intensive issues such as crime and housing exist within a local authority area. 相似文献
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The effect of clean energy regulations and incentives on green jobs: panel analysis of the United States, 1998–2007 下载免费PDF全文
Taedong Lee 《Natural resources forum》2017,41(3):145-155
‘Green jobs’ are often presented as a simultaneous solution for the economic downturn and the environmental crisis, particularly as they relate to sustainable development in energy and climate change. Federal, state, and municipal authorities have employed a variety of policy tools to boost job creation within their jurisdictions. This study focuses on the role that state policies play in creating green jobs. It examines two generic policy tools – regulations and incentives – each of which can be aimed at advancing energy efficiency or renewable energy production, and assesses the relative impact they have had on generating green jobs. In order to measure this impact, we utilize panel data compiled by the Pew Charitable Trusts, which contain a state‐level count of green jobs from 1998 to 2007. The results of the analysis suggest that regulations, particularly those that mandate action on renewable energy, are likely to increase the number of private sector green jobs in states. Regulations with clear guidelines and targets tend to reduce uncertainty in business, and can lead to increased private sector investment and job availability. This study provides practical lessons regarding the type and design of policy instruments and regulations on renewable energy, which effectively encourage green job growth. 相似文献
4.
It is often unclear what the role of a local jurisdiction is with regard to land use management on nearby federal properties. Yet federal lands clearly impact nearby local communities. The US Department of Energy (DOE), with over 100 sites across the United States with varying degrees of environmental contamination, may be in a very difficult position with regard to relationships with local government about land use. Yet few, if any, studies have examined DOE land use issues. This study asks: (1) In general, how do local planners feel about federal government relationships with them? (2) Do local planners feel differently about the DOE than they do about other federal agencies? (3) What reasons explain any differences observed in answer to the second question? To answer these questions, local planners were interviewed from communities adjacent to non-DOE federal properties, and their responses compared to those of planners located near DOE facilities in the same regions. Findings showed that compared to other federal agencies that own land in the same regions, the DOE is relatively poorer at actively involving local officials in land use decisions at its sites. Primary reasons are the historic legacy of a culture of secrecy, focus on mission, and especially the lack of experience, training, or mandates in local planning cooperation. Findings also suggest that this attitude is markedly stronger in areas west of the Rocky Mountains. Recommendations for improved federal–local communications include the development of a vision for local government involvement that is supported by top levels of management and filtered effectively to the site level. 相似文献
5.
John R. Labadie 《Environmental management》1984,8(6):489-494
Local governments (county and city) take the most active role in responding to natural and manmade disasters, yet very little is understood about the role of the emergency manager-the administrator who organizes and coordinates the emergency response of a community. This article describes the more common organizational niches that emergency managers are placed into, and it examines some of the political, institutional, and budgetary constraints that hinder the emergency manager's operations. Finally, it suggests strategies for solving these problems and identifies areas for further research. 相似文献
6.
Dilemmas and advances in corporate social responsibility in Brazil. The work of the Ethos Institute 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ricardo Young 《Natural resources forum》2004,28(4):291-301
This article discusses the development of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in Brazil from the perspective of the Ethos Institute of Business and Social Responsibility. The Institute is a not‐for‐profit, non‐governmental organization, that has played a leading role in the Brazilian CSR effort. In Brazil, CSR initiatives have a long tradition of philanthropy, a consequence of the country's great social inequalities. The increased attention to corporate social responsibility has paralleled growing concern about sustainable development and the intensifying activities of pressure groups (consumers, customers, investors, NGOs, labour unions, the media, among others) that have been increasing since the 1990s as natural resources are progressively becoming exhausted, social tensions rising and environmental conditions deteriorating worldwide. This article identifies problems and obstacles to the growth of corporate social responsibility in Brazil, as well as advances and alternatives for CSR and towards creating conditions for the country to be internationally competitive and sustainable in the financial, social and environmental areas. 相似文献
7.
Adriana Bailey Lorine Giangola Maxwell T. Boykoff 《Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture》2014,8(2):197-215
Although mass media continue to play a key role in translating scientific uncertainty for public discourse, communicators of climate science are becoming increasingly aware of their own role in shaping scientific messages in the news. As an example of how future media research can provide relevant feedback to climate communicators, the present study examines the ways in which grammatical and word choices represent and construct uncertainty in news reporting about the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Qualifying and hedging language and other “epistemic markers” are analyzed in four newspapers during 2001 and 2007: the New York Times and Wall Street Journal from the USA and El País and El Mundo from Spain. Though the US newspapers contained a higher density of epistemic markers and used more ambiguous grammatical constructs of uncertainty than the Spanish newspapers, all four media sources chose similar words when questioning the certainty around climate change. Moreover, the density of epistemic markers in each newspaper either remained the same or increased with time, despite ever-growing scientific agreement that human activities modify global climate. While the US newspapers increasingly adopted IPCC language to describe climate uncertainties, they also exhibited an emerging tendency to construct uncertainty by highlighting differences between IPCC reports or between scientific predictions and observations. The analysis thus helps identify articulations of uncertainty that will shape future media portrayals of climate science across varying cultural and national contexts. 相似文献
8.
Sutphen S 《Disasters》1983,7(3):194-201
A case study of a flood which occurred at Lake Elsinore, California, February, 1980, focuses upon the assistance which the community received during both the flood and recovery periods. Relevant literature on disaster research is examined, including a model of disaster recovery, and the study places the events which occurred din Lake Elsinore within that recovery model. Implications for policy include the recommendation that decision-makers consider the pre-disaster growth of the community indecisions to support recovery assistance. 相似文献
9.
Ortiz J 《Environmental management》2003,31(3):0355-0364
The issue of solid waste management in Indian country is multidimensional in scope because it affects more than just regulatory
concerns. There are more than 550 federally recognized Alaska Native and American Indian Tribes in the United States. Tribes
are sovereign nations that have a special relationship to the federal government and a unique legal status. The environmental
problems faced by tribes are many, and it is only fair that tribes, as sovereigns, specify the levels of protection on their
lands.
The one-size-fits-all regulatory approach to environmental problems and solid waste management in particular does not work
and often leads to conflict between tribes and the federal and state governments. Inherent tensions also exist between tribes
and various levels of government concerning jurisdiction of lands and managing solid waste. These intergovernmental relationships
are often complex and present unique challenges to all.
More research needs to be done on targeting resources to meet the capacity-building needs of tribes, as well as the overall
environmental management needs of Indian country under the federal trust obligation. Successful intergovernmental relationships
can be fostered through partnership arrangements between tribes and federal, state, and local governments. In the area of
solid waste such partnerships have worked. It requires that all levels of government deal with tribes with careful consideration
of their cultural, historic, and socioeconomic aspects, which are often intertwined. 相似文献
10.
Michelle Portman 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2007,11(2):121-131
Policy tools that allow for the coordination of various authorities at different levels of government are important for coastal
protected areas. Frequently, multiple authorities manage these areas with varied and sometimes conflicting goals. This study
examines a regulatory model implemented on the Cape Cod National Seashore in the US that uses federally-approved zoning to
regulate private uses for protection of natural coastal resources. Local authorities implement the zoning which is designed
to support national resource protection goals making this a prime model of cross-level governance for conservation. I use
case study analysis to evaluate the program’s effectiveness by focusing on implementation and compliance in the context of
multi-jurisdictional (i.e., national to local) relations. The analysis and subsequent discussion highlight the difficulties
associated with implementation of intergovernmental mandates. Also, theoretical perspectives on compliance give insights about
the implementation challenges of this model. The model’s limitations have implications for policymakers considering similar
schemes implemented by split and hierarchical authorities with different, and possibly conflicting, coastal management goals.
相似文献
Michelle PortmanEmail: |
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